Evergreen trees have played a part in human beliefs over millennia since prehistoric days. The Christmas tree as we know it, though, is a recent invention. The Honorable Guild of Bakers in Freiburg in Germany is credited with setting one up the first in 1419. At the time, Freiburg was a free imperial city and part of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1419, it was part of the Margravate of Baden; that in turn became the Grand Duchy of Baden after Napoleon; in the modern terms it is in the state of Baden-Wurttemberg.
According to tradition, a fir tree was put up in the Hospital of The Holy Ghost for The Poor for Christmas 1419. The tree was decorated with honey cookies, nuts, and dried fruits. It is said to have remained standing until New Year’s Day when it was ‘shaken down’ and the children were allowed to eat the decoration. While it is possible that it happened that way, there is no supportive evidence to be found anywhere. It is still included in relevant history works as late as 2007.
In fact, the good bakers of Freiburg were contravening church law. During the first millennium, the Christian Church had forbidden the adornment of trees on all kinds of occasions as heathen superstition. Despite that, adorning the home with evergreens during winter never went out of fashion. In the Brocarda, the canonical legal code for the Diocese of Worms written by Bishop Burchard between 1008 and 1012, the prohibition was included as a matter of course. Its inclusion shows that the matter was still of relevance.
As late as 1508, priests in Alsatian churches were preaching sermons against the heathen superstition of keeping evergreens in homes and giving presents to people. But a copper plate print by Lucas Cranach the elder of 1509 shows the first picture of a Christmas tree that we recognise as such; he showed it adorned with stars and lights. There must have been a market for selling a print like that with a profit or he wouldn’t have done it.
The accounts of the Humanistic Library of Sélestat situated 30 miles from Freiburg in the Alsace shows an entry in 1521 reading: “Paid four Shillings to the forester to guard the trees as of St. Thomas” (21st of December). The entry shows that the amount of trees taken from communal woods was becoming a problem.
First proof positive of a Christmas tree in writing was provided for Strasbourg Cathedral (Alsace, France) in 1539; it was at the same time the first instance of a public display of a tree for Christmas documented anywhere. The tree was a success and became quite the fashion. By 1600, Christmas trees could be found in the houses of rich citizens all over Strasbourg.
It was Duchess Dorothea Sibyl of Brieg (Brieg was part of the Kingdom of Bohemia) who first adorned a Christmas tree with candles in 1611. Continental European princes took to the idea almost immediately and within years the Imperial family in Vienna had a tree set up for each member of the family separately to display their individual Christmas presents underneath.
Martin Luther had been in favor of the Christmas tree for no other reason than to be different from the Catholic Church. But John Calvin in Geneva begged to differ when abolishing all festivals not mentioned in the Bible. In Scotland, John Knox forbade Christmas altogether in 1560 in a similar move. Oliver Cromwell proved to be just such a killjoy in 1647. It was still a long way for the tree to reach Buckingham Palace and the White House.
Further reading
In fact, the good bakers of Freiburg were contravening church law. During the first millennium, the Christian Church had forbidden the adornment of trees on all kinds of occasions as heathen superstition. Despite that, adorning the home with evergreens during winter never went out of fashion. In the Brocarda, the canonical legal code for the Diocese of Worms written by Bishop Burchard between 1008 and 1012, the prohibition was included as a matter of course. Its inclusion shows that the matter was still of relevance.
As late as 1508, priests in Alsatian churches were preaching sermons against the heathen superstition of keeping evergreens in homes and giving presents to people. But a copper plate print by Lucas Cranach the elder of 1509 shows the first picture of a Christmas tree that we recognise as such; he showed it adorned with stars and lights. There must have been a market for selling a print like that with a profit or he wouldn’t have done it.
The accounts of the Humanistic Library of Sélestat situated 30 miles from Freiburg in the Alsace shows an entry in 1521 reading: “Paid four Shillings to the forester to guard the trees as of St. Thomas” (21st of December). The entry shows that the amount of trees taken from communal woods was becoming a problem.
First proof positive of a Christmas tree in writing was provided for Strasbourg Cathedral (Alsace, France) in 1539; it was at the same time the first instance of a public display of a tree for Christmas documented anywhere. The tree was a success and became quite the fashion. By 1600, Christmas trees could be found in the houses of rich citizens all over Strasbourg.
It was Duchess Dorothea Sibyl of Brieg (Brieg was part of the Kingdom of Bohemia) who first adorned a Christmas tree with candles in 1611. Continental European princes took to the idea almost immediately and within years the Imperial family in Vienna had a tree set up for each member of the family separately to display their individual Christmas presents underneath.
Martin Luther had been in favor of the Christmas tree for no other reason than to be different from the Catholic Church. But John Calvin in Geneva begged to differ when abolishing all festivals not mentioned in the Bible. In Scotland, John Knox forbade Christmas altogether in 1560 in a similar move. Oliver Cromwell proved to be just such a killjoy in 1647. It was still a long way for the tree to reach Buckingham Palace and the White House.
Further reading
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